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Emma Mashinini (born 21 August 1929) is a South African trade unionist and political leader. Living in Johannesburg, her family was forcibly displaced several times during her childhood. She started working at age 14 and soon became a union organiser at her garment factory. She became active with the African National Congress (ANC) in 1956. Mashinini served for 12 years on the executive board of the National Union of Clothing Workers (NUCW) and founded the South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union (SACCAWU) in 1975. She was arrested and detained without charges for six months in 1981–82. Mashinini played several important roles in the transition to ANC rule in the 1980s and 1990s. She served on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and went on to become a Commissioner for Restitution of Land Rights. Her autobiography, titled ''Strikes Have Followed Me All My Life'', was published in 1989 and republished in 2012. She has received numerous awards and decorations, including the Order of the Baobab and the Order of Luthuli. == Early life == Mashinini was born in Rosettenville, a white suburb of Johannesburg. Her family lived in the backyard of a house where her mother, Joana, did housework. When Mashinini was six years old, her family moved to Prospect Township, a neighbourhood near City Deep. Prospect Township was a common destination for Black families who had been evicted from their residence in White areas. In 1936, this neighbourhood too was aggressively gentrified, razed under the Johannesburg Slums Act of 1934.〔S. M. Parnell, "(Johannesburg's Backyards: the slums of New Doornfontein, Bertrams, and Prospect Township )", "The Making of Class" (University of the Witwatersrand History Workshop), 9–4 February 1987.〕 Most of the people in Prospect Township were relocated to Orlando, Soweto, but Mashinini's family was able to resettle in Sophiatown. Sophiatown was forcibly evicted in turn, several years later, and Mashinini's family moved to Soweto.〔”(Reluctant Revolutionary )", City Press, 22 August 2009.〕 Mashinini left school at age 14 to work a job after the separation of her parents left her mother without enough money.〔 She got married at age 17 and gave birth to six children. Three died in their early days of life, due to the inadequate medical care available for Black babies. (Her daughter Penny died at the age of 17 in 1971.)〔 Mashinini attended the 1955 Congress of the People in Kliptown, a major event for the African National Congress (ANC). She later wrote: "I was not a card-carrying member, but at that meeting I was a member in body, spirit and soul... So I think that Congress was really an eye-opener for me. That, maybe, is when I started to be politicized. Although there is another thing, which I have always felt, which is that I have always resented being dominated."〔Pamela E. Brooks, ''Boycotts, Buses, and Passes: Black Women's Resistance in the U.S. South and South Africa''; University of Massachusetts Press, 2008; pp. (218 )–219.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emma Mashinini」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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